Proportion Of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Nutritional Value and Physicochemical Properties of Male and Female Broad-Breasted Bronze Turkey Muscle

Colored varieties of turkeys, such as the broad-breasted Bronze, not currently subject to intensive breeding work, are kept only in amateur breeding and treated rather as ornamental poultry. They are raised in extensive systems, which undoubtedly affects the quality of the meat obtained. Consumers are looking for meat with specific and unique sensory qualities; hence, the interest in meat from turkeys with a slower-than-typical growth rate, such as the broad-breasted Bronze, is justified. The object of this research was to analyze the physicochemical properties and nutritional value (amino acid, fatty acid, and antioxidant profile) of the breast and thigh muscles of broad-breasted Bronze turkeys with regard to gender. It was shown that gender had little effect on muscle chemical composition, amino acid, and fatty acid content (p > 0.05), as well as most oxido-reduction indices. However, significant differences were noted in muscle quality traits such as color brightness (L*; turkeys > indors; p = 0.023), proportion of red (a*; turkeys < indors; p = 0.048) and yellow (b*; turkeys > indors; p = 0.039), and water absorption (turkeys < indors; p = 0.009). The type of muscle also had a significant effect on quality characteristics. Higher a*, b*, C*, pH, water absorption, and thermal leakage were shown in the femoral muscle (p < 0.001), while L* and h were higher in the pectoral muscle (p < 0.001). Turkey meat was characterized by a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA + PUFA ~68%), favorable FA index values, and low lipid oxidation indices. Thigh muscles (especially turkey) were more caloric, and contained significantly (p < 0.001) more fat and all major FA groups. Breast muscles (especially of turkeys) were characterized by a high protein content (about 25%) and a high proportion of essential amino acids. The data obtained indicate that broad-breasted Bronze turkeys can provide high-quality meat, and are an excellent option for meeting modern consumer needs.

Dietary salidroside supplementation improves meat quality and antioxidant capacity and regulates lipid metabolism in broilers

We aimed to explore the effect of salidroside (SAL) on meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in broilers. The results demonstrated that SAL significantly reduced the yellowness (b*), shear force, cooking loss, drip loss, MDA, TBARS, and carbonyl content in breast (P < 0.05), while increasing the pH value (P < 0.05), suggesting an improvement in meat quality. SAL lowered the lipid contents in liver and serum (P < 0.05), while increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in breast (P < 0.05), indicating effective regulation of lipid metabolism by SAL. SAL increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of antioxidant genes in both liver and muscle (P < 0.05). Additionally, SAL improved the meat quality and antioxidant capacity of breast subjected to repeated freeze-thaw treatment. SAL may enhance meat quality by improving antioxidative stability and regulating lipid metabolism, potentially serving as a dietary supplement for broilers.

Pasture feeding improves the nutritional, textural and techno-functional characteristics of butter

There is an increasing consumer desire for pasture-derived dairy products, as outdoor pasture-based feeding systems are perceived as a natural environment for animals. Despite this, the number of grazing animals globally has declined as a result of the higher milk yields achieved by indoor, total mixed ration feeding systems, in addition to the changing climatic conditions and lower grazing knowledge and infrastructure. This has led to the development of pasture-fed standards, stipulating the necessity of pasture and its minimum requirements as the primary feed source for products advertising such claims, with various requirements depending on region for which it was produced. This work investigates the differences in the composition and techno-functional properties of butters produced from high, medium and no pasture allowance diets during early, mid and late lactation. Butters were produced using milks collected from 3 feeding systems: outdoor pasture grazing (GRS; high pasture allowance); indoor total mixed ration (TMR; no pasture allowance); and a partial mixed ration (PMR; medium pasture allowance) system, which involved outdoor pasture grazing during the day and indoor TMR feeding at night. Butters were manufactured during early, mid and late lactation. Creams derived from TMR feeding systems exhibited the highest milk fat globule size. The fatty acid profiles of butters also differed significantly as a function of diet, and could be readily discriminated by partial least squares analysis. The most important fatty acids in such analysis, as indicated by their highest variable importance projection scores, were CLA C18:2 cis-9 trans-11 (rumenic acid), C16:1 n-7 trans (trans-palmitoleic acid), C18:1 trans (elaidic acid), C18:3 n-3 (α-linolenic acid) and C18:2 n-6 (linoleic acid). Increasing pasture allowances resulted in reduced crystallization temperatures and hardness of butters, while concurrently increasing the 'yellow' b* color. Yellow color was strongly correlated with Raman peaks commonly associated with carotenoids. The milk fat globule size of cream decreased with advancing stage of lactation and churning time of cream was lowest in early lactation. Differences in the fatty acid and triglyceride contents of butter as a result of lactation and dietary effects demonstrated significant correlations with the hardness, rheological, melting and crystallization profiles of the butters. This work highlighted the improved nutritional profile and functional properties of butter with increasing dietary pasture allowance, primarily as a result of increasing proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. Biomarkers of pasture feeding (response in milk proportionate to the pasture allowance) associated with the pasture-fed status of butters were also identified as a result of the significant changes in the fatty acid profile with increasing pasture allowance. This was achieved through the use of 3 authentic feeding systems with varying pasture allowances, commonly operated by farmers around the world and conducted across 3 stages of lactation.

Development of the first “encapsulated oleogel-in-oleogel” system with tailorable lipid digestion

Despite containing a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than traditional solid and semi-solid fats, the calorie-dense nature of oleogels presents a challenge when incorporating them into foods. The next generation of oleogels should feature a customizable lipid digestion profile while having minimal impact on other properties of the food products. To achieve this goal, we developed the first-of-its-kind “encapsulated oleogel-in-oleogel” system with tailorable digestibility. To obtain such a system, a Pickering emulsion containing wax-based oleogel stabilized using crystalline nanocellulose was spray dried using a soluble dietary fibre as wall material (the inner oleogel). Following, the resulting encapsulated oleogel was added to a molten monoglyceride-based oleogel and cooled to set the outer oleogel. The morphological properties of the encapsulated oleogel-in-oleogel system were studied by cryo- and FE-SEM and polarized and fluorescence microscopy. The results of DSC and synchrotron XRD showed that waxes crystallized inside the inner oleogel droplets, confirming also that the entire preparation of the encapsulated oleogel-in-oleogel system did not alter the nanostructure of waxes and monoglyceride crystals. The results of in vitro digestion revealed that both Pickering emulsion and the resulting spray dried encapsulated oleogel were partially indigestible, leading to a lower and tailorable lipid digestion in the encapsulated oleogel-in-oleogel system compared to that of the oil and conventional oleogels. We demonstrated that the digestibility of the encapsulated oleogel-in-oleogel system can be conveniently modulated by varying the ratio between the encapsulated oleogel and outer oleogel, showing promise for developing a new generation of oleogels with tailored digestibility, lower calories, and high dietary fibre content.

Evaluation of seed yield, essential oil compositions, and fatty acid profiles in advanced fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) breeding populations

Metabolites derived from bitter fennel serve as flavoring and healing agents in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic sectors. Previously, we developed three fennel breeding populations (Early, Medium, and Late Maturity Synthetic Cultivars) with the potential to produce higher seed yield. This investigation aimed to assess the quality and quantity of the important metabolites in these three cultivars alongside their elite parental populations. Our results showed that the highest amounts of essential oil yield and seed yield were produced by, two breeding populations, Medium and Late Maturity Synthetic Cultivars. These cultivars showed positive seed yield heterosis rates of 28% and 20%, respectively, above the averages of their parental populations. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil samples identified 24 components in total. The major compounds in all genotypes were trans-anethole (34.09–77.84%), limonene (4.99–12.66%), methyl chavicol (1.35–38.69%), and fenchone (6–13.07%). The highest amount of trans-anethole belonged to Fasa and the Medium Maturity Synthetic with 77.84 % and 73.10%, respectively. The analysis of fatty acid compositions in the genotypes was conducted using GC-FID, which revealed the presence of 19 unique fatty acids, of which ten were saturated, and nine were unsaturated fatty acids. Petroselinic acid (67.11–78.44%), and linoleic acid (9.14–11.60%) were the major unsaturated fatty acids in fennel seeds. The Early Maturity Synthetic exhibited the least saturated fatty acid content (7.24%), while the highest levels of unsaturated fatty acids were found in both the Early Maturity Synthetic (89%) and Hashtgerd (88.55%). The genotypes were categorized into four groups using a heat map analysis with hierarchical clustering. Overall, the results showed that the three synthetic cultivars of fennel have outperformed the elite parental populations for seed and essential oil yields, concentration of the major industrial secondary metabolites such as trans-anethole, and higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. These cultivars show potential for usage in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.

The impact of overnight lairage on meat quality and storage stability of pork loin.

Lairage, a part of the animal welfare practices, has been known to mitigate pre-slaughter stress in animals. However, research investigating the relationship between lairage and pork meat quality remains scarce. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the physicochemical quality and storage stability of pork from pigs subjected to immediate slaughter (CON) and those provided with a 24 h lairage before slaughter (LRG) over a 7-day storage period. The loins from 20 castrated pigs in each group, respectively, were collected at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days and used for analysis of meat quality and storage stability, including pH, meat color, moisture, water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, fatty acid composition, lipid oxidation, antioxidant activity, and electrical resistance. Overall, there were no significant differences in physicochemical meat quality parameters between CON and LRG groups. Similarly, no differences were observed in the storage stability of pork including 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and electrical resistance. However, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in LRG compared to CON. In conclusion, 24 h lairage for castrated pigs had limited impact on meat quality and storage stability but led to an increase in the unsaturated fatty acid proportion.

Integrated web portal for non-destructive salt sensitivity detection of Camelina sativa seeds using fluorescent and visible light images coupled with machine learning algorithms.

Climate change has created unprecedented stresses in the agricultural sector, driving the necessity of adapting agricultural practices and developing novel solutions to the food crisis. Camelina sativa (Camelina) is a recently emerging oilseed crop with high nutrient-density and economic potential. Camelina seeds are rich in essential fatty acids and contain potent antioxidants required to maintain a healthy diet. Camelina seeds are equally amenable to economic applications such as jet fuel, biodiesel and high-value industrial lubricants due to their favorable proportions of unsaturated fatty acids. High soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses threatening the yield and usability of such crops. A promising mitigation strategy is automated, non-destructive, image-based phenotyping to assess seed quality in the food manufacturing process. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of image-based phenotyping on fluorescent and visible light images to quantify and qualify Camelina seeds. We developed a user-friendly web portal called SeedML that can uncover key morpho-colorimetric features to accurately identify Camelina seeds coming from plants grown in high salt conditions using a phenomics platform equipped with fluorescent and visible light cameras. This portal may be used to enhance quality control, identify stress markers and observe yield trends relevant to the agricultural sector in a high throughput manner. Findings of this work may positively contribute to similar research in the context of the climate crisis, while supporting the implementation of new quality controls tools in the agri-food domain.

Fatty acid profile variations after exposure to textile industry effluents in Indian Major Carps.

Indian major carps are the widely consumed fish species of Pakistan, being a cheap source of proteins and unsaturated fatty acids, they are good for cardiovascular health. Water pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial waste water into water bodies contaminates this precious source of nutrients. The present study therefore, was aimed to assess deterioration of fatty acid profile of three Indian major carp species due to different concentrations of industrial wastes. The water samples were collected from the river Chenab at the site where it receives industrial wastewater via Chakbandi drain. After exposure to 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% dilutions of collected water in different aquaria it was observed that proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in selected fish species were decreased significantly as the intensity of the dose increased (P < 0.05). Conversely the level of saturated fatty acids increased with the increasing dose of treatment (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that untreated wastewater not only deteriorate the fatty acid profile of aquatic animals but also these toxic substances can reach human body through fish meat and pose further health hazards. Therefore, it is highly recommended that industrial effluents should be treated before they are dumped into water bodies.

Compositional Characteristics and Nutritional Quality of Indigenous Fruit of Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco

Artocarpus odoratissimus, locally known as terap, is native to Borneo and holds great potential for providing nutrition and income to rural communities. The fruit's flesh is consumed raw, while the seeds are typically steamed and used in local dishes. The by-products, such as the pedicel and peel, often go to waste. This indigenous species has yet to be fully explored for its nutritional and phytochemical properties. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the nutritional compositions and phytochemical properties of A. odoratissimus fruit. The nutritional and phytochemical properties of A. odoratissimus vary across its parts. The edible flesh and seeds exhibited higher carbohydrate content at 12.16±1.01% and 9.96±0.76%, respectively. Seeds possessed significantly higher crude protein (21.89±0.54%) and fat (18.23±0.20%). In contrast, the non-edible parts of the peel (5.57±0.11%) and pedicel (5.79±0.41%) exhibit considerably greater ash content than their edible counterparts in the flesh (3.87±0.42%) and seeds (0.62±0.29%). Potassium (905.61±18.89 to 2001.51±13.00 mg 100 g-1) was the most abundant in A. odoratissimus fruits, followed by calcium (578.30±7.00 to 1300.97±23.51 mg 100 g-1). The flesh is primarily composed of non-reducing sugars, including fructose (26.70±0.70 g 100 g-1) and glucose (25.38±0.45 g 100 g-1), with a notable amount of vitamin B1 (11.07±0.31 mg 100 g-1). The seed oil contains essential fatty acids, with a significant proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (57.10%), mainly nervonic acid (45.32%). The pedicel, often considered a by-product, exhibits relatively high levels of phytochemical properties in comparison to the edible portions. The current findings support the ethnobotanical uses of A. odoratissimus by local communities, underscoring its growing importance in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Enhanced seed yield, essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids in soybean seeds with phosphorus fertilizer supply

This study aimed to understand the role of phosphorus (P) in soybean yield and quality, particularly amino acids and fatty acids. Field trials were undertaken using 56 soybean genotypes, including 12 landraces, 36 commercial cultivars and 8 advanced breeding lines. The results showed the response of seed yield (+20%) to P supply was higher than the protein (+1.5%) and oil (–1.5%) content. Phosphorus supply explained 80.5%, 11.4% and 50.6% variation of seed yield, oil and protein content, respectively. Five out of eight essential amino acids were significantly increased with P supply. Phosphorus supply resulted in a significant increase in oleic acid but a decrease in linoleic acid, as well as a decrease in saturated and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids. Phosphorus supply accounted for 30.9% and 33.9% variation in essential and non-essential amino acids, and 5.1% and 27.9% variation in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. We concluded (1) both yield and soybean seed quality can be improved with P fertilizer supply; (2) the seed nutritional quality improved by increasing the concentration of essential amino acids and proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. These findings emphasized the importance of P management guidance to simultaneously increase yield and food nutritional value.

[Comparison of fat determination methods and analysis of fatty acids in tea].

Comparative analysis of two method for determining fat and analysis of fatty acid content in tea samples. The content of freefatand total fat in tea was determined by Soxhlet extraction method and acid hydrolysis method, and the content of fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. The composition and content of fatty acids in 21 tea samples from 5 regions were analyzed. The freefat content of tea determined by Soxhlet extraction method was significantly lower than that determined by acid hydrolysis method. The totalfat content in tea determined by acid hydrolysis method was consistent with the total amount of fatty acids determined by gas chromatography, and their content conformed to the logical relationshipsimultaneously. The totalfat content in tea ranged from 0.6 to 4.1 g/100 g, which in green tea, white tea, yellow tea, and black tea were 2.2, 1.8, 1.6 and 0.6 g/100 g, respectively. The content of free fat in tea was less than 58%, with 42%-80% of the fat existing in a bound form. The fatty acids in tea were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for 67.52%-99.03% of the total fatty acids. There were differences in the composition of fatty acids in different types of tea, with the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in yellow tea accounting for 98.84% of the total fatty acids, which was significantly higher than that of green tea, white tea, and black tea. The fatty acids with high content in green tea(except Tang chi xiaolan tea, Bawangjian green tea and Liuxi yuye tea)were α-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. Theacid hydrolysis method is more suitable for the determination of fat in tea samples. The composition and content of fat and fatty acids in tea vary depending onfactors such as the type of tea and the degree of fermentation.

Regulatory mechanisms and cell membrane properties of Candida glycerinogenes differ under 2-phenylethanol addition or fermentation conditions.

The biosynthesis of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) at high yields and titers is often limited by its toxicity. In this study, we describe the molecular mechanisms of 2-PE tolerance in the multi-stress tolerant industrial yeast, Candida glycerinogenes. They were different under 2-PE addition or fermentation conditions. After extracellular addition of 2-PE, C. glycerinogenes cells became rounder and bigger, which reduced specific surface area. However, during 2-PE fermentation C. glycerinogenes cells were smaller, which increased specific surface area. Other differences in the tolerance mechanisms were studied by analyzing the composition and molecular parameters of the cell membrane. Extracellular 2-PE stress resulted in down-regulation of transcriptional expression of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis genes. This raised the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the cell membrane, which increased rigidity of the cell membrane and reduced 2-PE entry to the cell. However, intracellular 2-PE stress resulted in up-regulation of transcriptional expression of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis genes, and increased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane; this in turn enhanced flexibility of the cell membrane which accelerated efflux of 2-PE. These contrasting mechanisms are mediated by transcriptional factors Hog1 and Swi5. Under 2-PE addition, C. glycerinogenes activated Hog1 and repressed Swi5 to upregulate erg5 and erg4 expression, which increased cell membrane rigidity and resisted 2-PE import. During 2-PE fermentation, C. glycerinogenes activated Hog1 and repressed Swi5 to upregulate 2-PE transporter proteins cdr1 and Acyl-CoA desaturase 1 ole1 to increase 2-PE export, thus reducing 2-PE intracellular toxicity. The results provide new insights into 2-PE tolerance mechanisms at the cell membrane level and suggest a novel strategy to improve 2-PE production by engineering anti-stress genes.

Failure of Cronobacter sakazakii to acquire direct and cross-protection against lethal stresses after exposure to sublethal ethanol

Abstract Cronobacter sakazakii may encounter subinhibitory concentrations of ethanol stress over its lifecycle. Bacterial tolerance to homologous or heterologous stress agents may be altered as a result of ethanol adaptive responses. Therefore, the tolerance of ethanol-exposed and control cells to subsequent lethal stresses was evaluated in the current work. It was discovered that sublethal ethanol exposure increased the susceptibility to lethal ethanol stress in C. sakazakii as determined by the Weibull model. Furthermore, sublethal ethanol concentration exposure in C. sakazakii did not lead to any cross-tolerance against other stressors such as benzalkonium chloride (120 mg/L), heat (55 °C), cold (4 °C), simulated gastric fluid (pH 3.0), osmotic stress (sorbitol, 0.75 g/mL), and desiccation stress. Analysis of zeta potential, scanning electron microscope, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy spectra revealed that cellular injury and changes in cellular chemical composition may contribute to the reduced resistance of C. sakazakii after ethanol exposure. Furthermore, sublethal ethanol exposure resulted in an elevated proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), while reducing the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the ratio of SFA to USFA. The developed inactivation models can serve as a valuable source of data to support quantitative microbial risk assessment. Moreover, a better understanding of the response of C. sakazakii to sublethal ethanol exposure may provide valuable insights into the prevention and control of C. sakazakii.

Pumpkin seed oil: A comprehensive review of extraction methods, nutritional constituents and health benefits.

Pumpkin seed oil (PSO), a rich source of nutrient contents, is extracted from the seeds of different pumpkin varieties for food and medicine industries. Accordingly, this article was designed to provide an evidence-based review of the literature, with the purpose of achieving practical conclusions involved the extraction technologies, nutritional properties, and validated biological activities of PSO. From the previous literatures, PSOs contain a large proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, with linoleic acid as the main component, and an amount of tocopherol, phytosterol, and phenolic acids. Some differences in the yield, composition and physicochemical properties of PSO can be associated with the pumpkin's cultivars and the extraction methods. Some novel technologies involved in supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction have been gradually replacing the conventional technologies as the most promising method which promote safe, non-polluting and effective recovery of PSO. This healthy vegetable oil was reported by several in vitro and in vivo studies to have potential protective roles in oxidative stress, inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Effect of benzalkonium chloride adaptation on the tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii exposed to subsequent lethal stresses

Benzalkonium Chloride (BC) is applied in food processing, clinical settings, and households to control the spread of pathogens. However, BC adaptation may promote bacterial resistance against biocides and physical stresses. In the study, the sensitivity of non-adapted and BC-adapted C. sakazakii to subsequent lethal stresses was assessed. Results indicated that BC adaptation provided C. sakazakii direct protection against high BC concentrations, but no cross-protection against heat, acid, osmotic, desiccative, and ethanol-related stress. BC adaptation reduced the proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the ratio of SFA to unsaturated fatty acids (SFA/USFA), whereas increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) in C. sakazakii. Six genes related to motility, metabolism, transport, and efflux were upregulated under BC adaptation. Some Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) signal characteristics of the BC-adapted cell were significantly different from that of the non-adapted cell, which reflected the changes of intracellular proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and other cellular components. Consequently, the ability of BC-adapted C. sakazakii to withstand subsequent stresses should be taken into account when developing microbial control measures. A greater understanding of BC adaptation mechanisms in C. sakazakii will provide important insights for disease prevention.

Lighting intensity affects the fatty acid composition of total lipids of basil leaves and roots (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The vegetative organs of common basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in water culture at different levels of illumination (50, 100, and 150 μmol PAR quanta/(m2 s)) for 21 days were studied. In the work, the Purple Velvet basil variety, which is popular in agriculture and has intensely colored leaves was used. The biomass, water content, and composition of fatty acids (FA) of total lipids in the leaves and roots of plants and the content of malondialdehyde and chlorophylls (a, b) in the aerial parts of plants were determined. The sensitivity of the FA composition and morphophysiological parameters (biomass and chlorophyll content in leaves) of O. basilicum plants to the intensity of illumination was shown. The greatest effect was caused by the illumination intensity mode of 150 μmol/(m2 s). Species composition of O. basilicum FA under all lighting conditions was wider in root lipids; however, more pronounced changes in the qualitative composition of Fas were observed in leaves. Photodependent regulation of FA component composition of O. basilicum manifested itself in an increase in the proportion of unsaturated FAs, especially polyene ones, which led to an increase in the unsaturation index (UI) of esterified lipid FAs. The highest UI values were obtained with illumination of 150 μmol/(m2 s). At the same time, with an increase in the illumination intensity, a significant increase in the activity of ω-3 and ω-9-desaturases occurred, which indicates in favor of their lightdependent activation. Thus, increasing the intensity of lighting to certain values directly proportionally affects the physiological parameters of O. basilicum. The maximum indicators of productive growth and the implementation of adaptive mechanisms of green and underground parts of basil plants correspond to illumination of 150 μmol/(m2 s).

Climate change alters pasture productivity and quality: Impact on fatty acids and amino acids in Mediterranean silvopastoral ecosystems

Climate change is threatening ecosystem functioning and sustainability worldwide. In silvopastoral systems, ongoing warmer and drier conditions could impact productivity and quality of pastures (in terms of protein content and digestibility), with important economic consequences. However, the extent to which climate change could alter other nutritional traits with a potential role in livestock nutrition and production, such as essential fatty acids and amino acids, is a question that remains poorly known. We designed a field manipulative experiment of increased temperature (+2–3 °C) and rainfall exclusion (−30%) aimed to evaluate the influence of forecasted climate variations on the yield and nutritional composition of pastures (i.e. proteins, lipids, fibers, amino acids, fatty acids and digestibility) in a Mediterranean silvopastoral system. To test whether scattered trees typical of these ecosystems could buffer the effects of higher aridity, experimental plots were installed under trees and in open grasslands. First, we found that plant communities under tree canopies were less productive but exhibited higher quality than those located in open grasslands, likely due to the shade and higher soil fertility provided by trees. Both climatic stressors had a significant influence on pasture productivity and nutritional composition. Thus, pastures subjected to rainfall reduction produced less biomass with higher content in nitrogen, proteins, essential amino acids and lipids, likely as a mechanism of plant tolerance to water stress. In contrast, warming increased plant productivity and enhanced the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, likely mediated by alterations in plant community composition. Finally, our results suggest that trees might slow the impact of climate change on productivity and specific amino acids in pasture. These results could be also applied for the design of management strategies to ensure the ecologic and economic value of silvopastoral ecosystems under future climate scenarios.

Mechanisms of Antioxidant Dipeptides Enhancing Ethanol-Oxidation Cross-Stress Tolerance in Lager Yeast: Roles of the Cell Wall and Membrane.

High concentrations of ethanol could cause intracellular oxidative stress in yeast, which can lead to ethanol-oxidation cross-stress. Antioxidant dipeptides are effective in maintaining cell viability and stress tolerance under ethanol-oxidation cross-stress. In this study, we sought to elucidate how antioxidant dipeptides affect the yeast cell wall and membrane defense systems to enhance stress tolerance. Results showed that antioxidant dipeptide supplementation reduced cell leakage of nucleic acids and proteins by changing cell wall components under ethanol-oxidation cross-stress. Antioxidant dipeptides positively modulated the cell wall integrity pathway and up-regulated the expression of key genes. Antioxidant dipeptides also improved the cell membrane integrity by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and regulating the expression of key fatty acid synthesis genes. Moreover, the addition of antioxidant dipeptides significantly (p < 0.05) increased the content of ergosterol. Ala-His (AH) supplementation caused the highest content of ergosterol, with an increase of 23.68 ± 0.01% compared to the control, followed by Phe-Cys (FC) and Thr-Tyr (TY). These results revealed that the improvement of the cell wall and membrane functions of antioxidant dipeptides was responsible for enhancing the ethanol-oxidation cross-stress tolerance of yeast.

Effect of Storage Period on Acid Value and Sensory Attributes of Puffed Wheat Grains ‘Badyrak Vanilla’ and ‘Badyrak with Whey’

Abstract Puffed grains made from whole wheat, corn or rice grains are ready-to-eat breakfast cereals that do not require additional preparation. Two recipes for puffed grain coatings were developed in the previous studies. Sunflower oil was used in the coating, which may affect storage stability. Due to lipid hydrolysis, free fatty acids may be released, causing rancid off-flavour. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the acid value of lipids and sensory attributes of sweet-coated puffed wheat grains ‘Badyrak vanilla’ (BV) and ‘Badyrak with whey’ (MC) depending on temperature during their eight-month storage. The products were packaged in metallised polypropylene pouches, 30 g each. The acid value was studied monthly at different storage temperatures (20 ± 2 °С and 4 ± 2 °С). In puffed wheat grain products, 65% of fatty acids are polyunsaturated, 25% monounsaturated, and 10% saturated. The high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids over saturated makes oil more susceptible to oxidation. Literature studies and sensory evaluation of puffed wheat grains allowed setting a limiting acid value at 4.0 mg KOH g−1 lipids. The increase in acid value was storage temperature dependent. Thus, the acid value exceeded the established limit in the fifth month for MC and the sixth month for BV when stored at 20 ± 2 °С. At the same time, noticeable changes in puffed wheat grain flavour were observed. The temperature coefficient (Q10) for MC was 2.0, whereas for BV it was 1.5, indicating that the acid value increase in MC was more affected by temperature than that in BV.

Thyroid Hormone Regulates the Lipid Content of Muscle Fibers, Thus Affecting Physical Exercise Performance.

Skeletal muscle (SkM) lipid composition plays an essential role in physiological muscle maintenance and exercise performance. Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate muscle formation and fuel energy utilization by modulating carbohydrates and lipid and protein metabolism. The best-known effects of THs in SkM include the promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis, the fiber-type switch from oxidative to glycolytic fibers, and enhanced angiogenesis. To assess the role of THs on the lipidic composition of SkM fibers, we performed lipidomic analyses of SkM cells and tissues, glucose tolerance experiments, and exercise performance tests. Our data demonstrated that TH treatment induces remodeling of the lipid profile and changes the proportion of fatty acids in SkM. In brief, THs significantly reduced the ratio of stearic/oleic acid in the muscle similar to what is induced by physical activity. The increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids was linked to an improvement in insulin sensitivity and endurance exercise. These findings point to THs as critical endocrine factors affecting exercise performance and indicate that homeostatic maintenance of TH signals, by improving cell permeability and receptor stability at the cell membrane, is crucial for muscle physiology.